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Journalism as a profession and the journalistic institutions are going through major transformations due to digitalization, changing the structural and political framework for journalism, including media policies and business models. Advertising revenues having dropped substantially, being displaced to global platform companies. News media increasingly turn to audience analytics and metrics to better understand audience engagement how to provide value and attract reader revenues. Nevertheless, just as citizens have become reliant on digital platforms in their everyday life, also many news publishers depend on platforms non-proprietary to them.

Social media platforms non-proprietary to journalistic institutions nowadays cover many of the functions previously managed by them. Emerging digital technologies change how journalism functions and how both news and other forms of information and disinformation is produced, distributed and consumed. This has major implications for what it means to be a journalist, and the epistemic news practices these engage in.

Digital innovation in areas such as micro-blogging, video, podcasts, chatbots, augmented reality, automation and data journalism has opened new ways for journalists to produce news, express themselves, and develop genres and discourses.