New paper: Drivers and barriers of seasonal vaccination uptake

Drivers and barriers of seasonal influenza vaccination 2015/16 & 2019/20 to 2022/23 – a survey on why most Norwegians don’t get the flu vaccine | BMC Public Health (springer.com)

Background:

This study aimed to explore the reasons adults in the general population, influenza risk groups (RGs) and health care workers (HCWs) in Norway give for their vaccination choices and whether these reasons vary between groups or over time in order to further improve influenza vaccination coverage.

Methods:

Respondents of a nationally representative telephone survey conducted by Statistics Norway were asked “What was the most important reason why you did/did not get vaccinated?”. The question on influenza non-vaccination was included in 2016 and in 2020 to 2023 and the question on influenza vaccination in 2021 to 2023.

Results:

The study included 9 705 individuals aged 18–79 years. Influenza vaccination coverage in the RGs increased from 20.6% in 2016 to 63.1% in 2022, before a reduction to 58.3% in 2023. Common reasons for non-vaccination were similar in all groups. The most cited reasons were “no need” for the vaccine and “no specific reason”, followed by “not recommended/offered the vaccine”, “worry about side effects” and “vaccine refusal”. The most frequent reasons for vaccination among the general population and RGs were protection against influenza and belonging to a RG, while the most frequent responses among HCWs were being offered the vaccine at work/work in health care, followed by a desire for protection against influenza. Receiving a vaccine recommendation from a health professional was mentioned in all groups. We also observed that the proportion reporting “no need” for the vaccine decreased over time, especially among HCWs, and that the proportions reporting vaccine refusal and worry about side effects as reasons for non-vaccination were temporarily reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

The general population and RGs cite protection against influenza as their primary incentive for vaccination, while HCWs mainly refer to their professional role or workplace vaccination. For non-vaccination we see a similar pattern in all groups, with “no need” and “no specific reason” as the main reasons. Of note, worry about side effects and vaccine refusal is as frequent among HCWs as in other groups. Continued efforts to maintain and increase vaccine confidence are needed.

3 October Seminar: Wages and inequality in the Middle Ages

For the third Pandemics & Society Seminar of our Fall 2024 series we are pleased to welcome Spike Gibbs (Universität Mannheim). The seminar will be held on Thursday, 3 October at the normal time (1600 CEST). More information about our speaker and the presentation is below. You can sign up for email notifications about the seminar series, including the Zoom details, here.

Abstract

The in-kind wages paid to pre-industrial workers have recently received new attention by economic historians interested in understanding long-term living standards. However, in-kind wages are difficult to quantify leading historians to either ignore them entirely or use proxies such as consumer price index baskets of goods to capture their value. In this paper, we take a different approach by using a new dataset to directly measure the quantity, composition, and value of grain wages paid to late medieval agricultural workers across the period 1270 to 1440. This allows us to precisely measure remuneration, and the value of its cash and in-kind components, at the level of the individual worker. We use this information to evaluate the mechanisms which led to changes in labour remuneration in the period following the Black Death and differences in the effects between workers. Our results clearly demonstrate that the wages of the average adult male worker rose in the wake of the Plague, but only after a thirty-year hiatus, showing that changes in labour relations, rather than worker productivity in and of itself, drove the ‘golden age of labour’. However, preliminary investigations of variation between workers suggest a more complex story: while in the aggregate wages appear to have been similar across different manors held by the same estate, inequality in the wages paid between different types of worker were persistent, suggesting a rigidity in occupational hierarchies that was not overturned by the Plague. 

The paper is a collaboration with Jordan Claridge (LSE) and Vincent Delabastita (Radboud)

About the Speaker

Spike Gibbs is Junior Professor for the Economic History of the Middle Ages at the University of Mannheim. His research addresses topics such as local officeholding, agricultural wages, the economics of lordship, and the social networks of village communities.

Seminar Recording: How germs shaped history

If you missed the second Pandemics & Society Seminar of the Fall 2024 series with Jonathan Kennedy (Queen Mary, University of London) you can catch up with the video here.

Recordings of all of our Seminars, beginning with the Fall 2021 series, are available here.

19 September Seminar: How Germs Shaped History

For the second Pandemics & Society Seminar of our Fall 2024 series we are pleased to welcome Jonathan Kennedy (Queen Mary, University of London). The seminar will be held on Thursday, 19 September at the normal time (1600 CEST). More information about our speaker and the presentation is below. You can sign up for email notifications about the seminar series, including the Zoom details, here.

Abstract

Disciplines such as history are anthropocentric, viewing the natural world as a stage on which humans, whether “Great Men” or struggling classes, play out their roles. This talk brings together research from a range of disciplines – microbiology, anthropology, and sociology; genomics, classics, and economics – to explore the role that pathogens have played in the past. We will take a brisk ride through the recent history of our species, to see how infectious diseases played critical roles in many of the great social, political and economic transformations, from the emergence of Christianity and Islam as world religions, to the transition from feudalism to capitalism.

About the Speaker

Jonathan Kennedy is a Reader in Politics and Global Health at Queen Mary University of London. He has a PhD in sociology from the University of Cambridge. His first book, Pathogenesis: How Germs Made History, was a Sunday Times Science Book of the Year and a national bestseller in the USA. It has been translated into 12 languages, including Norwegian. 

5 September Seminar: What can we learn from historical pandemics?

For the first Pandemics & Society Seminar of our Fall 2024 series, we are pleased to welcome Áine Doran (Ulster University). The seminar will be held on Thursday, 5 September at the normal time (1600 CEST). More information about our speaker and the presentation is below. You can sign up for email notifications about the seminar series, including the Zoom details, here.

The paper has been published in Social Science & Medicine and is available here.

Abstract

What are the insights from historical pandemics for policymaking today? We carry out a systematic review of the literature on the impact of pandemics that occurred since the Industrial Revolution and prior to Covid-19. Our literature searches were conducted between June 2020 and September 2023, with the final review encompassing 169 research papers selected for their relevance to understanding either the demographic or economic impact of pandemics. We include literature from across disciplines to maximise our knowledge base, finding many relevant articles in journals which would not normally be on the radar of social scientists. Our review identifies two gaps in the literature: (1) the need to study pandemics and their effects more collectively rather than looking at them in isolation; and (2) the need for more study of pandemics besides 1918 Spanish Influenza, especially milder pandemic episodes. These gaps are a consequence of academics working in silos, failing to draw on the skills and knowledge offered by other disciplines. Synthesising existing knowledge on pandemics in one place provides a basis upon which to identify the lessons in preparing for future catastrophic disease events.   

About the Speaker

Áine Doran (PhD, QUB) is a Lecturer in Economics at Ulster University. Her research focuses on Economic History, primarily in the areas of demography, living standards and development. Her PhD is entitled ‘Pandemics, Poverty and Population: Essays in Economic History’. One part of the thesis studies 19th century Ireland with the aim of better understanding the context and causes of the Irish Famine. The second area of study is understanding pandemics which have occurred in the last 100 years and both the economic and demographic impact they had. Along with academic conferences, Áine has spoken about her work at both public events and government departments.

Sabbatical: Social science meets Biology

Centre leader Mamelund will stay 5 weeks at University of Brisbane 1st of September to October 4th. Purpose of the stay is to learn more from our partners doing wet-lab studies including mouse models and studies of century old extra-respiratory tissues taken from victims of historical influenza pandemics (Prof. Kirsty Short). Mamelund’s sabbatical is funded by a CAS Alumni-Fellowship. This fellowship is something you can apply to get as a former recipient of a CAS project as the one Mamelund lead from 2022-23 – se more here: Social Science Meets Biology | CAS (cas-nor.no)

Announcing the Fall 2024 Pandemics & Society Seminar Series

We are pleased to release the schedule for our Fall 2024 seminar series. As in previous series, the seminar will be held via Zoom at 16.00 Central European Time on Thursdays.

To access the Zoom meetings, please join our mailing list here.

5 September
What can we learn from historical pandemics? A systematic review of the literature
Áine Doran, Ulster University

19 September
How germs shaped history
Jonathan Kennedy, Queen Mary University of London

3 October
Wages and inequality in the Middle Ages: Moving beyond the average
Spike Gibbs, Universität Mannheim

10 October
Democracy, Mortality, and COVID-19: A Cross-Regional Comparison of Excess Mortality Data in Post-Communist Countries of the EU and CIS
Umit Tleshova, Charles University

31 October
Covid-19 is (Probably) Not an Exogenous Shock or Valid Instrument
Jeff Clement, Augsburg University
**Note that Central European Summer Time ends on 27 October**

7 November
Projecting the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on U.S. population structure
Andrea Tilstra, University of Oxford

14 November
Racialized Epidemiologies: The Case of Black Americans During the Great Influenza, 1918–1920
Paul Skäbe, Universität Leipzig

21 November
Excess Mortality in Mainland China after the End of the “Zero COVID” Policy: A Systematic Review of Literature
Isaac Fung, Georgia Southern University

5 December
The Impact of the First Wave of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on the French and German Armies on the Western Front of the First World War
Srijita Pal, University of Southern California